Abstract:

Migraine is one of the most prevalent and disabling neurological disorders worldwide and remains a significant public health challenge  throughout Europe. Affecting millions of individuals across all age groups, migraine is associated with substantial personal, societal and economic burdens. Despite advances in understanding migraine pathophysiology and the introduction of novel preventive therapies, many patients continue to experience delays in diagnosis, inadequate treatment and reduced quality of life. Migraine attacks are influenced by a complex interaction of genetic, environmental, hormonal, behavioural and lifestyle factors, with triggers varying considerably between individuals. The disease contributes significantly to disability-adjusted life years and remains one of the leading causes of disability among young and middle-aged adults.

This article explores the epidemiology and burden of migraine in Europe, examines the biological mechanisms underlying migraine attacks and reviews the broad range of factors known to trigger episodes. Particular attention is given to stress, sleep disturbances, dietary influences, hormonal changes, environmental factors and comorbid conditions that may contribute to disease progression and attack frequency. Challenges relating to diagnosis, treatment access, healthcare disparities and socioeconomic impact are also discussed. Improved awareness, earlier intervention and personalised treatment strategies remain essential to reducing the burden of migraine across European populations.

Keywords:

MIGRAINE; EUROPE; HEADACHE DISORDERS; TRIGGERS; NEUROLOGY; CHRONIC MIGRAINE; DISABILITY; <br /> SLEEP DISTURBANCE; STRESS; CALCITONIN GENE-RELATED PEPTIDE; PUBLIC HEALTH