Abstract:

Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) is one of the most common neurodevelopmental disorders worldwide and is increasingly recognised as a lifelong condition that affects both children and adults. Historically considered a disorder confined to childhood, growing evidence demonstrates that ADHD frequently persists into adolescence and adulthood, resulting in substantial educational, occupational, social and psychological consequences. Across Europe, awareness of ADHD has increased considerably over the past two decades; however, significant disparities remain in diagnosis, access to care, treatment availability and public understanding of the condition.

ADHD is characterised by persistent patterns of inattention, hyperactivity and impulsivity that interfere with daily functioning and development. Although the core symptoms originate from neurobiological and genetic factors, symptom severity and functional impairment can be influenced by numerous environmental, psychosocial and lifestyle factors.  Sleep disturbances, stress, academic demands, emotional dysregulation, family adversity, substance use, digital media exposure and psychiatric comorbidities may all contribute to symptom exacerbation and increased functional difficulties.

This article reviews the epidemiology, neurobiology, clinical presentation and burden of ADHD in children and adults throughout Europe. Particular attention is given to the factors associated with worsening symptoms and periods of increased impairment. The challenges surrounding diagnosis, treatment, healthcare access and long-term management are also explored. Improved recognition of ADHD as a lifespan disorder and greater understanding of factors influencing symptom severity are essential to improving outcomes for individuals affected by the condition.

Keywords:

ADHD; ATTENTION-DEFICIT/HYPERACTIVITY DISORDER; ADULT ADHD; PAEDIATRIC ADHD; <br /> NEURODEVELOPMENTAL DISORDERS; EUROPE; INATTENTION; HYPERACTIVITY; IMPULSIVITY; MENTAL HEALTH